Abstract

Chronic massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) pose a major clinical challenge due to irreversible muscle degeneration, including atrophy, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis, which persists even after surgical repair. Existing strategies fail to modulate the pathological microenvironment and essential electrical signaling. This study presents a self-reinforcing electroactive fibrous patch, designated polyethylene@polyethylene terephthalate/reduced graphene oxide (PE@PET/rGO), which integrates graphene-mediated electrical stimulation with mechanical reinforcement. Through mussel-inspired modification and hot-pressing, rGO nanosheets are uniformly embedded into a PE@PET nonwoven fabric scaffold, achieving a synergistic enhancement in electrical conductivity (3.54 × 10 −3  S/cm), tensile strength (15.99 MPa), and Young's modulus (40.58 MPa). It enables programmable adhesion via melted PE “self-glue” for stable deployment. In vitro evaluations demonstrate that the patch promotes myoblast alignment, elongation (myotube length: 176.80 ± 7.08 μm vs. 105.64 ± 8.63 μm in controls), and fusion index (51.80 ± 5.85% vs. 26.68 ± 1.48%), while suppressing adipogenesis (lipid droplet area: 85.42 ± 1.28 μm 2 /cell vs. 296.74 ± 6.26 μm 2 /cell in adipogenic media). Mechanistically, graphene-mediated electrical stimulation activates Ca 2+ signaling, upregulates myogenic markers (MHC, MyoG, MyoD) and inhibits adipogenic factors (PPARγ, C/EBPα). This work establishes a robust bioelectronic platform combining mechanical, electrical, and biological functionality, offering a promising strategy for treating chronic muscle degeneration.