Abstract

Plain Language Summary Background: Intervertebral disc degeneration remains a major therapeutic challenge, with biomedical interventions increasingly regarded as promising options. Methods: An implantable red blood cell–based gel incorporating interleukin-33 was developed to promote disc tissue repair. Results: Following implantation, the gel functioned as an efficient drug carrier while attracting a substantial population of macrophages, subsequently guiding their polarization through different phases to optimize the disc microenvironment. Conclusions: This strategy slowed the progression of disc degeneration by stimulating the proliferation of nucleus pulposus cells, suppressing apoptosis, and driving macrophage differentiation toward the M2 phenotype. Plain Language Summary This study tested a new biomedical approach to treating intervertebral disc degeneration, a condition that is difficult to manage with current therapies. Researchers created an implantable gel made from red blood cells that delivers interleukin-33 to the damaged disc. Once implanted, the gel acted as an effective drug carrier and attracted macrophages, then influenced their behavior over time to improve the local disc environment. In experimental models, this strategy slowed disc degeneration by promoting proliferation of nucleus pulposus cells, reducing their apoptosis, and shifting macrophage differentiation toward the M2 phenotype, supporting disc tissue repair. Text is machine generated and may contain inaccuracies. FAQ