基于行为信息的纳米载体递送技术，能够突破叶矿害虫所形成的农药屏障。

Abstract

Counteracting the protective microenvironment created by leaf-mining activity via a behavior-guided nano-delivery paradigm. • Designing the function improves transcuticular delivery and targeted accumulation. • Offers scalable, resistance-mitigating framework for sustainable management of leaf-mining pests and for advancing low-dose, high-efficacy green crop protection. Leaf-mining insects represent one of the most recalcitrant groups of agricultural pests, as their larvae develop entirely within leaf mesophyll tissues, where pesticide exposure is severely limited. Here, we reveal that the leaf-mining behavior of the globally invasive insect Tuta absoluta imposes a dual physical barrier to pesticide delivery: first, the intact leaf epidermis acts as a primary diffusion-limiting layer; second, larval frass accumulates at the mine entrance, forming a hydrophobic occlusive plug that further impedes active ingredient penetration. To address this challenge, we engineered a hydrophilic-lipophilic diblock polymer (HLDP)-based nanoscale chlorantraniliprole (CAP) formulation with a pesticide loading capacity of 27.5%, designed to simultaneously enhance interfacial adhesion and trans-epidermal transport. Multi-scale analyses revealed that CAP loading proceeds via hydrogen bond-mediated, enthalpy-driven self-assembly, yielding nanoparticles with a uniform size distribution (144.95 nm) and positive surface charge (25.05 mV). These physicochemical attributes collectively improved foliar performance: contact angle decreased by 14.28%, droplet retention increased by 48.23%, and epidermal penetration efficiency rose 1.17-fold relative to unformulated CAP. Consequently, CAP@HLDP achieved markedly enhanced bioavailability, increasing CAP accumulation in leaf tissues by 2.95-fold, in plant cells by 1.78-fold, and in intracellular trafficking compartments by 1.32-fold. Laboratory and semi-field bioassays confirmed superior insecticidal efficacy against T. absoluta , with the nanof