Abstract

Triphenyltin chloride (TPTC), a member of the organotin family, has been widely restricted due to its endocrine-disrupting effects. Nevertheless, TPTC continues to be detected in aquatic environments and poses potential health risks owing to its persistence and bioaccumulation. Although previous studies have shown that triphenyltin compounds can disrupt lipid homeostasis through nuclear receptor pathways involving retinoid X receptor (RXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), whether TPTC exerts hepatocytotoxicity through direct metabolic targets remains unclear. This study employed a metabolomics-driven target discovery strategy to analyze intracellular metabolite extracts from HepG2 cells exposed to TPTC for 24 h, aiming to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of TPTC-induced metabolic toxicity. Untargeted global metabolomics analysis revealed that TPTC exposure caused significant disturbances in hepatic lipid metabolism, characterized by the accumulation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids and depletion of key metabolites associated with fatty acid β-oxidation. Pathway enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction network analysis further indicated that two mitochondrial dehydrogenases involved in fatty acid catabolism─hydroxysteroid 17β-dehydrogenase 10 (HSD17B10) and hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH)─are potential metabolic targets responsible for the observed alterations. Molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance, and cellular thermal shift assays confirmed direct interactions between TPTC and both HSD17B10 and HADH, with binding affinities at the micromolar level. Functional validation demonstrated that TPTC disrupts mitochondrial respiratory function and redox balance by interfering with HADH- and HSD17B10-dependent generation of acetyl-CoA and NADH, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In summary, this study reveals a previously underappreciated mechanism of TPTC toxicity involving mitochon