Abstract

The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) has emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation non-opioid therapies. However, the development of therapeutics targeting CB1 has been consistently hindered by significant adverse effects. Here, through structure-activity relationship analyses focused on biased signaling, we rationally design two G i -biased CB1 agonists, LZD503 and LZD505. Our design strategy employed structural spatial tuning of the agonist scaffold to disrupt specific molecular interactions and minimize steric conflicts with critical tip residues within the ligand-binding pocket, thereby promoting preferential G i -pathway signaling. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the CB1-G-protein complexes bound to these designed agonists confirmed that their anticipated conformational poses favored G i -biased signaling. Both designed compounds demonstrated promising results by alleviating pain and mitigating unwanted responses in mice. The elucidated CB1 complex structures and the resulting insights establish a comprehensive framework for the structure-guided development of innovative CB1-targeted analgesics with reduced adverse effect profiles.