Abstract

Disruption of organelle interactions due to metabolic stress is a crucial factor in the pathological processes of many degenerative diseases. Compared with animal cells, the participation of chloroplasts enables plant cells to show defensive adaptation under stress. Therefore, delivering plant-derived photosynthetic systems into animal cells may help to establish a more stable organelle interaction network. Here, we show that plant-derived photosynthetic systems can effectively restore homeostasis of the interaction network of animal organelles. Specifically, plant-derived nanothylakoid units provide energy to animal cells, regulate intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis, increase endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lipid unsaturation and global membrane fluidity, reduce abnormal contact between mitochondria and ER, and alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction. By combining implantable light-emitting diodes with wireless charging, we expand photosynthesis therapy, enabling treatments for deeper tissues. This study provides a proof-of-concept for disease treatment based on the regulation of organelle interaction networks by natural photosynthetic systems and establishes a therapeutic approach for treating deep tissues.