Abstract

Background Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza Radix et Rhizoma) is a valued herbal plant widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases in Asian countries. In modern medicine, innate immunity-induced inflammation is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about the anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanism of Danshen. Purpose To evaluate the molecular mechanisms of Danshen on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-triggered inflammation in macrophages and identify its bioactive components. Methods Pam3CSK4-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were treated with Danshen water extract (DSE), and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) were measured by both real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based bioinformatics analyses were applied to reveal the novel molecular mechanisms of DSE, followed by western blotting for verification. Additionally, HPLC-UV analysis along with bioassays was performed to identify the bioactive ingredients of DSE. Results The results of RT-qPCR and ELISA showed that DSE significantly inhibited proinflammatory cytokine expression in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptome analyses revealed that a wider panel of inflammatory cytokines responded to the regulatory effect of DSE, and that the TNF signaling pathway might have played a vital role. Western blotting data confirmed the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) and Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) related singling pathway. Among the seven components identified in DSE, Danshensu (DSS) and protocatechuic aldehyde (PA) were confirmed as bioactive ones with anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion DSE showed a promising effect against TLR2-triggered inflammation associated with the inhibition of the TNF cascade down-streamed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, in w