Abstract

Purpose Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are widely utilized as means to deliver mRNA molecules. However, metric connections between biodistribution and pharmacokinetics (PK) of the nanoparticle carrier and transgene expression dynamics remain largely unknown. Methods LNPs containing mRNAs encoding the firefly luciferase gene were prepared with varying sizes. Biodistributions of injected LNPs in mice were measured by fluorescence bioimaging or liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, luciferase expression levels were determined by bioluminescence imaging and enzyme activity assays. Results Some intramuscularly injected LNPs were found circulating in the system, resulting in accumulation in the liver and spleen, especially when the LNP sizes were relatively small. Bigger LNPs were more likely to remain at the injection site. Transgene expression in the liver was found most prominent compared with other organs and tissues. Conclusions Biomolecules such as mRNAs encapsulated in locally injected LNPs can reach other organs and tissues via systemic circulation. Gene expression levels are affected by the LNP biodistribution and pharmacokinetics (PK), which are further influenced by the particle size and injection route. As transfection efficiency varies in different organs, the LNP exposure and mRNA expression are not linearly correlated.