各位小伙伴,您是否在蛋白免疫印记时,面对各种内参抗体而不知所措呢,内参蛋白是生物体内管家基因编码的,在多组织中稳定表达,用于验证免疫学实验中是否正常进行和一种半定量检测蛋白表达的标准对照,那么如何正确的选择内参抗体呢!可以从以下几点去参考。
一、样本种属来源
1. 哺乳动物组织或着细胞来源的样本,一般选择β-actin、α-tubulin、GAPDH、Lamin- B、Histone H3、Na+/K+-ATPase。
2. 植物来源样本,一般选择plant actin、Rubisco等。
3.其他研究较稀少的样本,通过查询相关文献或数据库,选择合适的蛋白作为内参。
二、目的蛋白分子量
保证目的蛋白分子量与内参相差大于5KDa以上,防止检测时干扰,例如,目的蛋白为40KDa,不宜选择β-actin(42KDa)作内参,可考虑GAPDH (36KDa) 或者β-tubulin(55KDa)作为内参。
三、内参蛋白表达部位
因此,提取蛋白的部位不同,选择的内参蛋白也不同。比如有时胞质、胞核分开提取而不提取总蛋白时,就要选择相应部位表达的内参蛋白。如 H3在细胞核中高效稳定表达,理论上在细胞质不表达,那么对于胞质提取的蛋白,就不能选用H3作为内参蛋白,而应该选择细胞质中表达的β-actin 、GAPDH α-Tubulin等作为内参蛋白。(内参评价推荐软件geNorm、NormFinder)
亚细胞定位 |
内参 |
分子量KDa |
注意事项 |
胞浆、全细胞 |
β-actin |
42 |
不适用于细胞核提取物,因为β-actin是染色质重塑复合物中的组分;可能不适合于研究对象之间年龄差异大的情况 |
α-Tubulin |
55 |
可能不适合于研究对象之间年龄差异大的情况,微管蛋白的表达随着抗菌和抗有丝分裂抗性药物而改变,因此在加入抗癌和抗真菌药物时 |
|
β-Tubulin |
55 |
||
GAPDH |
36 |
组织细胞缺氧会引起GAPDH表达上调,因此不适用于与氧有关的研究,糖尿病等因素会导致 GAPDH的表达量增高 |
|
Vinculin |
117 |
大分子量蛋白可参考 |
|
线粒体 |
COXIV 系列 |
15-17 |
该系列蛋白主要集中于15-17KDa,如果目标蛋白分子量接近,可考虑其他内参 |
HSP60 |
60 |
||
细胞核 |
VDAC1/2 |
31-37 |
该系列蛋白主要集中于31-37KDa |
Lamin B1 |
66 |
不是适用于胚胎干细胞,凋亡实验中不适合做内参 |
|
PCNA |
36 |
非增值细胞不适用 |
|
TBP |
33-43 |
TBP在人类中是37-43KDa,在小鼠和大鼠中是33-36KDa,不适合凋亡实验 |
|
YY1 |
65-70 |
||
Histone H3 |
17 |
多数蛋白分子量在17KDa左右,如果目标蛋白分子量接近,可考虑其他内参 |
|
全血、血清、血浆 |
Transferrin |
77 |
表达状况受某些疾病状态和治疗的影响,比如视黄酸 |
Albumin |
66 |
含量极高,注意降低WB实验上样 |
内参抗体 |
||||
亚细胞定位 |
产品货号 |
产品名称 |
反应种属 |
应用 |
胞浆、全细胞 |
GAPDH (Clone:1A6), Mouse mAb |
Human,Monkey,Rat,Mouse等 |
WB |
|
GAPDH, Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB,IHC-P,ICC/IF,IP,FC |
||
HRP-conjugated GAPDH (Clone:1A6), Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,ELISA |
||
β-actin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Monkey等 |
WB |
||
β-actin, Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB,IHC-P,ICC/IF |
||
HRP-conjugated β-actin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Monkey等 |
WB |
||
α-Tubulin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
IF,WB,IHC,IP |
||
β-Tubulin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB, IHC-F/IHC-P, IF/ICC, ELISA |
||
β-Tubulin, Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC |
||
HRP-conjugated β-Tubulin, Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB |
||
Vinculin Rabbit mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat |
WB, IHC-P |
||
线粒体 |
COXIV Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB,IHC,FC,IP |
|
31485ES |
Hsp60 Rabbit mAb |
Human, Mouse,Rat |
WB, IHC-P |
|
细胞核 |
VDAC1 Rabbit pAb |
Human,Mouse,Rabbit |
WB, IHC |
|
Lamin B1 Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse, Rat |
WB IP IF IHC |
||
PCNA Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB IHC ICC IP |
||
Histone-H3 Mouse mAb |
Human,Mouse,Rat等 |
WB IHC ICC IP |
||
全血、血清、血浆 |
Transferrin Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB IHC ELISA |
|
Human Serum Albumin Mouse mAb |
Human |
WB ELISA |
文献引用:
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IF(6.228)
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GAPDH IF: 5.753
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[7] S Chen, et al. Novel Role for Tranilast in Regulating NLRP 3 Ubiquitination, Vascular Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis JAHA. June 16, 2020 Vol 9, Issue 12 αTUBULIN
[8] Wu L, Gao A, Lei Y, Li J, Mai K, Ye J. SHP1 tyrosine phosphatase gets involved in host defense against Streptococcus agalactiae infection and BCR signaling pathway in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2020;99:562-571. β-actin
[9] Wu F, Xu K, Xu K, et al. Dl-3n-butylphthalide improves traumatic brain injury recovery via inhibiting autophagy-induced blood-brain barrier disruption and cell apoptosis. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(2):1220-1232.GAPDH
[10] Liu X , Sun T , Ge Q , et al. Construction of Novel Bispecific Single-Domain Antibodies (BiSdAbs) with Potent Antiangiogenic Activities[J]. 2020. GAPDH rabbit antibody